Conclusion of online contract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Finish of online agreement - Research Paper Example These days, an ever increasing number of individuals go to online understandings, once in a while in any event, inclining toward them to the conventional composed ones. In any case, buyers can't resist worried about the legitimacy of the online agreements versus the regular composed agreements. However, â€Å"Electronic contracts and electronic marks are similarly as lawful and enforceable as customary paper contracts marked in ink.†1 This reality was set up by the Electronic Signatures in Global and International Commerce Act (ESGICA) in 2000, which has refreshed the status of online understandings, thinking of them as similarly as legitimate and enforceable as the composed ones. This theme has been picked because of the developing prominence of the online understandings among the normal clients and other intrigued individuals. The research project is centered around uncovering the embodiment of the online understandings. The creator accepts that such a paper is important, due to the rising number of finished up online understandings. In some cases, a client isn't even mindful of the way that he is restricting himself to an agreement in the online wilderness. The online agreements are for the most part represented by indistinguishable lawful customary standards from the composed agreements, comprising of similar components. Most of the electronic understandings is diminished to the navigate and snap wrap understandings. These kinds of agreements necessitate that the client should look through the terms and conditions on a site and affirm that the person has acknowledged the terms and states of the understanding by making a type of move, for example, clicking an I acknowledge button or by making some comparative move. It is regularly that the enforceability of the gathering choice statement in these click-wrap understandings is at issue since these provisos may constrain the offended party to get their activity a specific purview, which might be situated far away from the offended parties home ward, so as to settle all questions. The creator means to

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Essays Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Maria Montessori Her Life and Work Paper Exposition Topic: Life Is Beautiful Montessori Education SA Montessori, Pre-Primary Philosophy 2 1Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, 4 where they lived, her father’s calling, her mom and her kin 2Where did Maria Montessori go to class, what did she study and why5 3Write about Maria Montessori’s Medical preparing, why, where6 4Note where she previously rehearsed medication, why, and what did she learn7 5What was the ‘Children’s House’, where was it found, 9 what was Maria Montessori’s job 6When did Maria Montessori first beginning composition and why11 Why do you think Maria Montessori never wedded, prove with research12 8Who was the dad of Maria Montessori’s child and for what reason did they never wed 13 9Mario Montessori, expound on his part in his mother’s life14 10What happened to Maria Montessori in Italy before World War II15 11Where did Maria Montessori Spend World War II16 12What impact, assuming any, did Maria Montessori’s 17 remain in India have on the spread of her technique? 13How did t he instructing schools start and where18 14How did Maria Montessori spend her most recent couple of long stretches of life, 19 where and when did she bite the dust Concentrates from Maria Montessori’s Last Will and Testament20 15Try and discover what occasions and developments occurred in her life-time21 16Who were her peers? 22 Important Dates In Maria Montessori’s Life24 Question One: - Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, where they lived, the calling of her dad, her mom and her kin? Maria Montessori ?Maria Montessori’s guardians were hitched in the spring on 1866; both mother and father were dedicated to the freedom and the solidarity of Italy this was the shared belief on which Maria Montessori’s guardians met. They were faithful Catholics. ?Alessandro Montessori was a relative of an honorable family from bologna, ? In his childhood he was a warrior and afterward a bookkeeper in the common assistance in his later years, he was notable for his considerate neighborliness. ?â€Å"He was a good old Gentleman, with a preservationist temper and was of military habits†. (Rita Kramer, 1976, pg22). In the year 1865 Alessandro Montessori, matured 33 went to the town of Chiaravalle which was a commonplace horticultural town and here he met the adoration for his life Renilde Stoppani then matured 25. Renilde Stoppani Montessori was the niece of the extraordinary thinker researcher minister Antonio Stoppani a landmark of him was raised at the University of Milan on the occasion of his demise. ?Renilde was a wonderful an accomplished lady for her time she wanted to understand books, this was staggering in light of the fact that in Chiaravalle, people who could peruse and compose their own names we re adulated, she was a firm adherent to train, however cherished her girl and bolstered her in everything she did, Renilde was extremely energetic and was dedicated to the standards of the freedom and association for Italy, she was a woman of particular devotion and appeal. Renilde Montessori died in 1912. ?Alessandro Montessori and Renilde Stoppani were hitched inside a time of his situation as a legislature common assistance bookkeeper in the humble community of Ancona. ?Following two years in Venice the couple moved back to Chiaravalle and it was a year later 1870 there were two significant occasions the one being Italy turned into a brought together and free country the second being Alessandro and Renilde were honored with an excellent buddle of happiness on August 31 and they named her Maria. ?In 1873 the legislature moved Alessandro to the city of Florence and afterward his last move was to Rome in 1875. It was in Rome that Maria grew up. Maria Montessori didn't have any kin. Question Two: - Where did she go to class, what did she study and why? ?Maria was six when her folks selected her in first grade only 2 yrs before state funded training got obligatory. The initial not many years Maria was uncompetitive, getting grants for good lead and her ne edle work, she needed to turn into an entertainer like most little youngsters of the time. ?At twelve years old the family moved to Rome here she could get superior training. ?At fourteen a distinct fascination for science created and Maria truly delighted in it, this was an intrigue that she conveyed for a mind-blowing duration. Her folks proposed that she follow a vocation in educating as this was one of the main callings accessible to young lady in the male overwhelmed society in which Maria Montessori lived. She would not by any means think about it now. ?Because of her scientific psyche she concluded she might want to follow a vocation in building which was viewed as a strange profession for a youngster. ?Maria Montessori went to a specialized school for young men and graduated in 1886 and got good grades in the entirety of her subjects her last score being 137 out of 150. After this she â€Å"attended Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci from 1886 to 1890 (Kramer 1976)â € . It was here that she contemplated present day dialects and regular sciences her most loved of every one of her classes was math. Question Three: - Write about her clinical preparing, why, where, and so forth? ?At the point when she was prepared to graduate she was attracted to the investigation of natural sciences her family were stunned no doubt yet her dad was exceptionally objecting to her craving to consider medication he avoided prohibiting her to proceed with this thought. Maria originally checked with the University of Rome and addressed â€Å"Dr Guido Bacelli the leader of the leading group of education†. Dr Bacelli disclosed to her plainly that her longing to consider medication was not going to occur, with this Maria stood up, shook hands sincerely, expressed gratitude toward the Dr considerately and afterward discreetly commented â€Å"I realize I will be a Doctor of Medicine† she at that point bowed and left the room. ?Investigating this difficult Ma ria enlisted at the University to contemplate material science, arithmetic and normal sciences. In 1892 she breezed through her tests with and eight out of ten and got a â€Å"Diploma di licenza† this made her qualified to examine medication. ?There was as yet the little matter of her being a lady that was holding her up (there isn't abundantly recorded data on how she did it) yet Maria continued until she was acknowledged into the school. In the account by Kramer it is referenced that Pope Leo XIII helped her some way or another. ?Montessori stood apart due to her sexual orientation, but since she was really purpose on acing the topic. She won a progression of grants at clinical school which, along with the cash she earned through private educational cost, empowered her to pay for the vast majority of her clinical training. ?Her time at clinical school was difficult. She confronted preference from her male associates and needed to work alone on analyzations since these were not permitted to be done in blended classes. ?She was a devoted understudy and on July tenth 1896 Maria introduced her proposal to a leading group of ten men, they were genuinely intrigued with her and allowed her the level of specialist of medication. ?This made her the main lady to move on from Medical School in Italy. She graduated with an amazing score of 105 considering anything more than 100 was viewed as splendid (Rita Kramer 1976) ? Her first post was in the colleges mental center ? Research work in mental medication and proceeded with her training in theory, physiology and instruction. ?In 1904 Maria Montessori was named teacher of human studies at the University of Rome Question Four: - a) Note where she originally rehearsed Medicine, why? b) What did she learn? ?On graduation Maria was quickly utilized in the San Giovanni Hospital appended to the University. It was later in that year she was approached to speak to Italy at the International Congress for Women’s Rights and in her discourse to the Congress she built up a postulation for social change, contending that ladies ought to be qualified for equivalent wages with men. A journalist covering the occasion asked her how her patients reacted to a female specialist. She answered â€Å"†¦they know instinctively when somebody tr uly thinks about them†¦ It is just the privileged societies that have a preference against ? Ladies driving a helpful presence. † 1 ?In November 1896 Montessori included the arrangement as careful colleague at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her arrangement of undertakings. A lot of her work there was with poor people, and especially with their kids. As a specialist she was noted for the manner by which she ‘tended’ her patients, ensuring they were warm and appropriately took care of just as diagnosing and treating their sicknesses. ?In 1897 she elected to join an exploration program at the mental facility of the University of Rome and it was here that she worked close by Giusseppe Montesano As a component of her work at the center she would visit Rome’s havens for the crazy, looking for patients for treatment at the center. She relates how, on one such visit the guardian of a children’s haven advised her with disturb how the kids snatched pieces off the floor after their supper. ?Montessori understood that in such an exposed empty room the kids were frantic for ? Sensorial incitement and exercises for their hands, and that this hardship was adding to their condition. ?She started to peruse everything she could regarding the matter of intellectually hindered youngsters and specifically she considered the noteworthy work of two mid nineteenth century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard, who made his name working with the ‘wild kid of Aveyron’ and Edouar

Best Bathroom Books

Best Bathroom Books “The best way to read Moby Dick,” my college professor said, “is in the bathroom.” He was not suggesting, as I strongly felt, that the process of reading Moby Dick was so painful that it might cause one to curl up in the fetal position in an empty bathtub. He simply argued that a long book with many short chapters was easier to digest in small bites. Moby Dick never did it for meâ€"in the bathroom or elsewhereâ€" but  I have always been a toilet reader. It doesn’t matter how long I plan on being in the bathroom, I’m bringing a book regardless. Often, I’m so engrossed in a book that I forget my whereabouts and finish a book only to realize I’ve been sitting on the porcelain throne for much longer than necessary. Still, not every book is ideal for bathroom reading. If you’re going to keep books in the loo with you, youll want to look for books with short chapters, a lighthearted tone, and perhaps a nugget of information. A few examples:   Hyperbole and a Half:  Unfortunate Situations, Flawed Coping Mechanisms, Mayhem, and Other Things That Happened by Allie Brosh The primary purpose of books in the bathroom is to be entertained while you doless entertaining things. Brosh’s illustrations are a hilariously accurate depiction of depression and the trials of adulthood but they are also just flat-out funny. Whether she’s talking about the dynamic between her two dogs, “helper dog” and “simple dog,” or her need to consume cake at all costs, this book will make you laugh so hard you’ll be glad you’re seated appropriately. The Experts’ Guide to 100 Things Every Person Should Know How to Do by Samantha Ettus This book has been on the back of my toilet for years. As I have moved from place to place, I’ve picked it up from the top of my toilet tank, packed it up, and replaced it on the back of my new abode’s toilet. Filled with 100 short instructional essays written by experts in their fields, you might find yourself reading an essay like “How to Tell a Story” by Ira Glass, “How to Remove a Stain” by Linda Cobb, and (possibly related to the previous essay) “How To House Train a Puppy” by Andrea Arden.   Published in 2004, a few of the experts might seem a little outdated or just retrospectively hilarious (for example, one of Donald Trump’s pieces of advice in the “How to Negotiate” essay is “Remain Optimistic at all Times”), but even that adds to the book’s charm.   Meaty by Samantha Irby Few people understand the value of a good bathroom book more than Samantha Irby. As a person living with Crohn’s Disease, she spends a lot of time there. As a fellow haver-of-a-colon disorder, I appreciate her frank talk about bodily ailments. Even if poop talk isn’t your jam, Meaty offers plenty of other short, funny, smart essays about life, love, and the struggles of adulthood. You may not think falling in love while sitting on the toilet is possible, but if that’s where you read Meaty, you’ll be proven wrong. Its impossible to read Samantha Irby without falling head oversquatty potty? Texts From Jane Eyre:  And Other Conversations with Your Favorite Literary Characters  by Mallory Ortberg In Texts From Jane Eyre, Mallory Ortberg attempts to answer the age-old philosophical question: if famous literary characters could send text messages, what would they say? What began as a feature on The Toast (RIP) spawned into a delightful collection featuring SMS missives from Scarlett O’Hara, Daisy Buchanan, and a few members of the Baby-Sitters Club (YES, I SAID FAMOUS LITERARY CHARACTERS AND I MEANT IT). Each interaction is only a few pages long but 100% smart, fun, and mildly addicting. If your party guest disappears into the bathroom for a long period of time and you hear squeals of laughter from behind the locked door, don’t jump to illicit conclusions. It may simply be that your pal has lost track of time thanks to Ortberg’s imagination. Whats Your Poo Telling You  by Josh Richman and  Anish Sheth I know, it’s not for everyone. But isn’t the bathroom the only appropriate location for this book? If you’re not easily grossed-out or you’re medically/scientifically minded, plop this one on the back of the tank and enjoy.  

Analysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s The Tell Tale Heart

Since about the late 1900’s, we have considered Austin Powers the infamous International Man of Mystery, however, lucky for us he wasn’t around roughly 200 years ago when Edgar Allen Poe was born. And in my opinion, the Man of mystery himself is none other than Edgar Allen Poe. You see, Poe is still one of the greats when it comes to enticing emotion into readers. Whether it is psychological fear in short stories like Bernice and The Pit and the Pendulum or poetry about death, sadness, and love. But, Poe really does raise the bar when it comes to mystery in his poetry. From houses suddenly blowing up in The Fall of the House of Usher and uncanny deliriums in The Tell-Tale Heart, mysteries of all kinds encompass Poe s works. What makes poems like A Dream Within a Dream so special is the fact that they still two centuries later they baffle and even relate to the readers of today. And while A Dream Within a Dream doesn’t feature anything as gruesome as Poe’s normal affairs, it is still mysterious and gloomy. In fact, it is Poe s reflection of the most paramount mystery of all: death, time, reality. How much time do we get with the people we love? In the poem, the question of whether or not the things we see and the way things actually seem to be, whether real or unreal remains unanswered. It always seems to leave the question of why people get taken from us and why it is those times that we end up questioning reality making us believe that we may have just been daydreaming.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s Tell Tale Heart895 Words   |  4 PagesIn Edgar Allen Poe’s Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator says â€Å"It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night.† The narrator uses illustration to prove that he is not insane, and plans a story as evidence. In this story, the primary condition is the narrator s decision to kill the old man so that the man s ey e will stop looking at the narrator. The eye, the watch, and bedroom are examples of symbolism and imagery that add to the narrator’sRead MoreEssay on The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe Symbols and imagery of horror and death in a story touch the reader like a fingertip against a chord and can make the heart resonate with fear and woe as the suspended lute with tone. The verbal illustration that is used in the opening phrase in Edgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher is as strong as the imagery of dismay utilized throughout the rest of the story, like the dark and gloomy house. The vivid colors and visuals in theRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1030 Words   |  5 PagesA Guilty- Mad Heart â€Å"Burduck then goes on to ponder how Poe used cultural anxieties and psychological panic to advantage.† (Grim Phantasms, G.A. Cevasco). In The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, a nameless man narrates the story of how he murdered an elderly man because of his eyes. In his short story The Tell-Tale Heart, Poe shows the themes of guilt and the descent into madness through the narrator, in this gothic horror story. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many gothic tales throughout his lifeRead MoreDeath Is Death And The Idea Of Death1290 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable. It is most certainly coming for each and every one and is inescapable. A common phrase in today’s culture is â€Å"only two things are certain in this world; death and taxes.† Death has always stirred mysticism and aversion, maybe even fear in the hearts of women, men and children alike. Death, in the past, has come sooner to many due to plague, diseases and lesser heath cares so characters in older poems were younger at their time of death. It makes since that authors tap into this emotion and thisRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasting ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesis; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1493 Words   |  6 PagesBrooke Womack Literary Analysis Paper Into to Literature: American I Dr. Julia Pond 12 October 2017 The Cask of Amontillado The Cask of Amontillado is a tale of terror written by Edgar Allen Poe. This short story is from the point of view from Montresor’s memory. The setting of this story is in a small unnamed European city, at a local carnival and then at the catacombs under Montresor’s home, around duck. The brief synopsis of this story is about the revenge that the Montresor, the antagonistRead MoreInsane Characters In Edgar Allan Poe And The Shining By Stephen King1569 Words   |  7 PagesDrawn to the Unknown Insane characters add a thrilling and exciting twist on stories such as Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe and The Shining by Stephen King. There is something that appeals to people about a character that goes completely crazy and then does some rash things as a result of his or her insanity. The reason that people are attracted to characters that go completely out of their mind is because no one knows how to predict what is going to happen next. Many people find situationsRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3152 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of eachRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3166 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of each part of this veryRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Montresor887 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Character Analysis of Montresor If written with skill, â€Å"Villains† can be some of the most interesting characters in literature. The character of Montresor from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"A Cask of Amontillado†. Poe, being the horror writer that he was, portrays this dark character in exactly that way. The story begins with Montresor explaining to the reader as a narrator that a man named Fortunato has insulted and hurt him for a great deal of time. Montresor never explains what exactly Fortunato did to

Convert Pascals to Atmospheres Unit Conversion Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to convert the pressure units pascals (Pa) to atmospheres (atm). Pascal is a SI pressure unit that refers to newtons per square meter. Atmosphere originally was a unit related to the air pressure at sea level. It was later defined as 1.01325 x 105 Pa. Pa to Atm Problem The air pressure outside a cruising jet liner is approximately 2.3 x 104 Pa. What is this pressure in atmospheres?Solution:1 atm 1.01325 x 105 PaSet up the conversion so the desired unit will be cancelled out. In this case, we want Pa to be the remaining unit.pressure in atm (pressure in Pa) x (1 atm/1.01325 x 105 Pa)pressure in atm (2.3 x 104/1.01325 x 105) Papressure in atm 0.203 atmAnswer:The air pressure at cruising altitude is 0.203 atm. Check Your Work One quick check you should do to make sure your answer is reasonable is to compare the answer in atmospheres to the value in pascals. The atm value should be about 10,000 times smaller than the number in pascals.

Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases Free Essays

string(97) " and also to help them join in on the rules of and behaviors of local communities \(Murphy 53\)\." Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases? Robert Horn Post University The purpose of the Adult Criminal Justice system is to punish offenders according to the severity of the crime committed. The juvenile justice system’s aim is to rehabilitate or mentor the juvenile offenders, in the hope that they can prevent further crimes, and to change their behavior. The motivating principle of the juvenile system is rehab. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason for this is because juveniles are not fully developed, mentally or physically. Many Juvenile offenders come from broken homes, been abused, or come from bad neighborhoods. Juvenile offenders need a second chance, because they have not even received a first chance. Rehabilitation is the best option for them because of the way they would be exploited and turned into criminals if they were sent directly to prison. If given the chance, the Juvenile Justice System can aid in successfully rehabilitating youthful offenders so they are not inclined to commit future crimes. With this reasoning, juveniles cannot be blamed or accountable for their actions the same way adults are. The Justice System fulfills and important function by establishing standards of conduct. It defines what is right and wrong for people and removes them from the responsibility of taking vengeance out on those who wronged them, which deters the escalation of feuds in the community. The Justice System also protects the rights of citizens by establishing and honoring the principle that freedom shouldn’t be denied without a good reason. Rehabilitation does have its objective: to return offenders to their communities as cured members of the society. Efforts in the 1980’s and 1990’s were unsuccessful. There was no one program that was more effective in the effort to rehabilitate youthful offenders than any other program. Because of this, a large portion of released offenders continued to return (Murphy 49). This led many people to believe that the best alternative was to simply remove offenders from the community, preventing vexation and exploitation. Because criminals are more often considered to be inclined to commit crimes than those never convicted of a crime, it follows that some benefits will be derived from incarcerating convicted criminals. The potential of incarceration is great as a method of crime control if it is only a few hardened criminals who commit the most crimes. If those criminals can be identified, sentenced, and incarcerated for long periods of time, there would be a significant reduction in crime. Most supports of correctional reform have this view on the population of criminals. Blame for most of the crimes committed is most often place on a relatively few predatory, compulsive individuals thought to commit a large number of crimes each year (Newburn 54). The last and final goal of this reform movement is reestablishing retribution. Retribution is the most moral of all penal goals. There is an element of rage included because the victim deserves the right to be repaid with pain for the harm suffered. Justice is achieved when the punished given to the offender is equal to the level of harm coming from the criminal act. Consequently, social balance is reestablished and maintained within the society. When it comes to juvenile offenders, the rules are thrown out the window. There is a separate legal system for them and they are also categorized differently. By federal standards, any juvenile who is under the age of 18 who has committed a crime is a juvenile delinquent. This is a decision that society has made. Society believes that there are important and serious differences between adults and juveniles. A one-size-fits-all approach is not wanted and will make the situation worse. Juvenile offenders are easiest to influence and are also the easiest to bend. It is believed that the actions a juvenile criminal might be influenced by outside sources such as neglect from parents, bad living conditions, or poor relationships with the family. Because of these factors, rehabilitation is a popular and attractive option in dealing with juveniles. Many of the rehabilitation programs ask that juvenile offenders with behavior problems meet with adult tutors to produce a stable, trustworthy friendship, which is expected to influence juveniles and to reduce their anti-social behavior (Maruna and Ward 33). Such a change in behavior is ade possible due to the trust and friendship between juvenile and adult – who can listen and care about the problems the juveniles may have, a role model, good advice giver, etc. In such a way, these mentoring programs may play a part on juvenile crime reduction. The goal of rehabilitation is to create law-abiding behavior and to encourage juveniles to know the consequences of what they do and to become law-abidin g citizens. It can be a challenging process because it requires the use of the proverbial carrot and stick. The use of coercion and socialization is seen in child rising. With young children, coercion is the only effective control. If a small child goes into the street, the child is disciplined and is told if he or she does it again, they will be punished again. These threats tend to be only effective when they are accepted; otherwise, people seek ways to bend the rules, or may blatantly disobey prohibitions. By sending such juveniles to prison my not prove to be an effective deterrent. Rather, it may be more effective to understand the socialization process of a juvenile, and try to re-wire it while the young person is still malleable. Vedder explains this: To use sociological lingo: the juvenile acquires the delinquent behavior as he does any other cultural trait of the cultural heritage passed on to him by his group conformist delinquency, stressing the fact the child becomes delinquent through conforming with the behavior pattern in his group† (9) Positive adult guidance, understanding, and support can divert young offenders and also criminals from involvement in crimes and acts of disobedience and also to help them join in on the rules of and behaviors of local communities (Murphy 53). You read "Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases" in category "Essay examples" To put it another way: what young offenders need are good adult role models. This can be found in quality rehabilitation programs. Most young offenders have started off on the wrong path, and they imitate the most irresponsible or abusive members of their social set or family. With proper guidance and role models, juveniles can begin to adjust their behavior. It is important to know that instead of looking at rehabilitation programs as a form of punishment, young offenders taking part of such programs should now that they are voluntary and consider them a positive opportunity to change their lives for the best. Such understanding does not come at once. The rehabilitation process can be a long, with juveniles provided with meetings, instructions, training and conferences. By providing juveniles with a positive adult role model, supervision, and continual training, mentoring programs aim to reduce the risk of a drift into numerous crimes. These of course, are not the exclusive means of rehabilitation. It may be suitable to mix a softer approach with detention in a Juvenile Center or to take similar action. The carrot and stick is again a key analogy. Detention applied to juvenile offenders has been debated for years. Its advocates argue that it would prevent crime by detaining those offenders that are likely to re-offend (Russel 85). Its adversaries claim that it is unfair because it allows a judge to make a choice about a person’s future behavior. Because no one can accurately predict behavior, particularly criminality, the chances of mistakes are large (Maruna and Ward 83). During the rehabilitation period, the type of sentencing most used is the indeterminate sentence. Legislatures have set wide ranges for sentencing, and judges measure out minimums and maximums that have a wide range. This allows personnel in corrections the discretion of releasing offenders once they are reformed. No one other than correctional authorities cared for this system. Inmates did not like it because their release depended on the whims of the parole board, and the inmates never knew for sure when they would be released (Russel 61). Judges and the public did not like it because the prison term served was never the same as the actual sentence and was almost always shorter. Juvenile laws stipulate that if a young criminal committed a serious crime, they could be â€Å"waived† to the adult court system. The number of â€Å"waived† juveniles each year comes out to be around 8,000 (Deitch). This â€Å"waiver† system is used in all states except for Nebraska, New York, and New Mexico. The only time in these states when the â€Å"waiver† is applied is crimes that include murders or intentional killing of several people. After examining the case, judges decided whether the juvenile should be tried as a juvenile or an adult. There are new laws specifying set lengths of sentences for juvenile offenses that allow for modification of the time served based on circumstances associated with a given incident (Russel 66). In some cases, a youth offender gets sentenced to five years, but he or she is only 15 at the time, he or she will not be transferred to the adult prison. Law states that a young offender should be detained in a special jail with other offenders until the age of 18 (Murphy). While most young offenders are worthy of rehabilitation, society states that some are not. There are criminals of all ages who should be imprisoned due to the nature of their crimes. To say that the best way to deal with juveniles is to rehabilitate them is not to say that this method is perfect or will it work in every case. It is the best choice, due to the consideration of issues at hand. Depending on the severity of the crime, and the history of the offender, there are some instances where the age of the offender does not matter. In 2006, in Omaha Nebraska, Cameron Williams is facing up to 110 years in prison for second-degree murder attempts and also using a weapon to commit a felony. Cameron Williams is 16 years old, and is being charged in the adult courts due to his troublesome past and the â€Å"serious nature of his crime. † (Khan, 2010) In 1999, Lionel Tate, at the time 12, was the youngest juvenile offender in American history to be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Tate was charged for the death of a 6 year old while practicing wrestling moves on her. Such instances of these arrests show that depending on the severity of the crime, being a youth doesn’t matter in sentencing. (Reaves, 2001) Rehabilitation is part of a policy for young offenders who have entered the criminal justice system. The policies and programs, which help juveniles to escape imprisonment, are parole and probation. Restriction of the opportunity for parole and probation are often accompanied by new sentencing legislation. Many states have made it difficult to be placed on probation for certain offenses and impossible for serious ones. Parole, which is defined as the conditional early release from prison under supervision in the community, has been restricted in many states. A return to determinacy and the abandonment of rehabilitation eliminates the need for parole, which, in theory, was designed to help the young offender prepare to reenter the community (Murphy 71). However, parole serves as another important function in controlling inmates in prison, and is one of the few rewards that can be manipulated. Because of this reason, many states have retained it. The Administration of parole has been changed so that the sentence rather than the paroling authority determines the date of the parole hearing. Good Behavior Credit for time served-receiving extra credit for time served while maintaining good behavior-is another form of reward used in prison to control the inmates. Because of the way it reduces the amount of time an individual will serve, and modifies the original sentence; many states have considered eliminating it. However, heavy protesting against the legislation by correctional personnel has prevented its elimination. Young people are less responsible and more malleable than adults. Many juvenile offenders who break the law have come from broken homes and abusive families. Some have never received the support that they deserve. Because they are young, and have many years ahead of them, our society has chosen to separate them from adult criminals, and to make an effort to rehabilitate them. This makes senses, because the cost of retribution is simply too much in many of their cases, and the burden on the criminal justice system and our moral compass would be insupportable. References Crow, J. The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offenders. Sage Publications Ltd, 2001 Deitch, Michele, et. al. From Time Out to Hard Time: Young Children in the Adult Criminal Justice System, Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin, LBJ School of Public Affairs, 2009. Khan, K. (2010, July 12). Juvenile justice: Too young for life in prison?. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. com/Politics/life-prison-juvenile-offenders-adult-courts/story? id=11129594 Maruna, S. , Ward, T. Rehabilitation (Key Ideas in Criminology). Routledge; New edition, 2007. Murphy, J. G. Punishment and Rehabilitation. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. Newburn, T. Criminology. Willan Publishing, 2007. Reaves, J. (2001, May 17). Should the law treat kids and adults differently?. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,110232,00. html Russel, C. Alternatives to Prison: Rehabilitation and Other Programs (Incarceration Issues: Punishment, Reform, and Rehabilitation). Mason Crest Publishers; Library Binding edition, 2006. Vedder, C. B. The Juvenile Offender: Perspective and Readings. Random House, 2002. How to cite Should Juvenile Be Charged as Adults in Criminal Cases, Essay examples

Mobile Commerce Technology

Introduction In the article â€Å"Mobile Commerce Technology† by Chung-wei Lee, Wen-Chen Hu and Jyh-haw Yeh, the authors set out to discuss the mobile commerce technology on business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Mobile Commerce Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mobile commerce technology has emerged as a distinct and important entity influencing the traditional business environment significantly. This technology promises to revolutionalize the manner in which business is carried out thereby changing the businesses world profoundly. An understanding of the technology that makes mobile commerce possible is therefore important. Paper Summary The paper begins by highlighting how the World Wide Web revolutionalized commerce and paved the way for electronic commerce. It notes how advances in mobile networks have made possible mobile commerce. In a few years, mobile commerce has gained gr ound with millions of users engaging in e-commerce activities using their mobile devices. The article goes on to describe a mobile commerce system, which involves a wide range of disciplines and technologies. The major components of the system are mobile commerce applications, mobile stations, mobile middleware, wireless networks, wired networks, and host computers. An explanation of how the six components work together following the submission of a request by a mobile user is provided. The mobile commerce application provides the client-side and server-side programs that will be used. The mobile station relays user requests to the other components in the system and displays the results of the processing to the end user. The mobile middleware makes the interaction between the internet contents and the mobile station seamless. It does this by supporting a wide range of software standards and operating systems thereby making it possible for mobile stations to understand a wide variety of content. Mobile middleware also enhances security by providing some encryption standards for communication. Wireless networks are networks that use radio waves for communication. They make use of the wireless access point or a base station to deliver user requests. Wired networks are not a mandatory component for the mobile commerce system but they may be used by the server computers that are used to process user requests. The host computer is the machine that has software that processes the user requests. Considering the wide scope of each individual component, the authors proceed to explain the elements in components that are related to mobile commerce. The first element is mobile commerce applications and this many of these applications have been developed and implemented in many phones.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The applications have the capabilities of electronic commerce applications and additional functions such as inventory tracking and dispatching. The mobile station is the handheld device used by the end user. This device has features of computers, telephones, and personal information managers. However, the mobile station has significant differences from a personal computer or laptop. The mobile devices have limited bandwidth, limited power and processing capabilities, and mobility features. The authors observe that the limitation in bandwidth makes it impossible for most multimedia material to be displayed correctly on the microbrowser present in the mobile station. The paper defines middleware as â€Å"the software layer between the operating system and the distributed applications that interact via the networks† (Chung-wei, et al., 2009, p.2586). The middleware later provides transparency by hiding the network environment complexities and enabling diverse systems to work together. The middleware is able to trans late requests from mobiles stations into a form that the host computer can understand and translate the host computer responses to a form the mobile station can understand. As of the year 2000, the most widely used middleware by wireless internet users was i-mode with 60% of users followed by WAP which had 39% of users and lastly Palm with 1% of total users. Wireless networks are interconnected computing devices where the nodes are capable of communicating with each other without the need of physical connections. The network infrastructure provides the medium through which communication takes place. The move from electronic commerce to mobile commerce necessitates the use of wireless networks to support the mobility of mobile devices. Wireless local-area networks (WLANs) and wireless cellular networks are the two major wireless networks technologies used in mobile commerce. WLANs are well suited for office and home networks as well as personal area networks and ad hoc networks. The wireless environment can be made up of mobile devices and an access point that acts as a router. The article explains that in a one-hop WLAN environment, the mobile stations connect directly to the access point through radio waves. The Access point relays data packets from the transmitter device to the receiver device. The mobile devices can communicate amongst themselves without an access point in what is referred to as a wireless adhoc network.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Mobile Commerce Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to the WLAN products available in the market, Bluetooth technology can also be used for wireless communication although this technology has a very limited coverage range and throughput, which makes it only useful in personal area networks. The most popular wireless networks currently use industry standards such as the IEEE 802.11b. However, standards with m uch higher transmission speeds such as the IEEE 802.11g are predicted to replace this popular standard in the near future. Cellular system users can make use of their cellular phones for mobile commerce. The phone connects to the nearest base station and the requests are forwarded to a fixed network. The authors advance that while cellular systems were originally designed for voice-only communication; they have evolved from analog to digital and are capable of transmitting data packets, which makes them usable for mobile commerce. The standards used by most cellular networks are 2g and 2.5G although it is predicted that 3G systems will dominate future wireless cellular services. The article states that CDMA (WCDMA) and CDMA2000 are the two main Wideband standards for 3G The host computer acts upon the user requests by processing and storing the information for mobile commerce applications. This component has three major parts; a web server, database server, and application programs and support software. The host computer is unaware of the nature of the client and it provides the same kind of response for mobile devices and personal computers. The mobile commerce application programs have to structure the information in a format that is usable for the mobile station. The article then sets out to discuss future trends in mobile commerce technology. It begins by noting that 26% of the 50million wireless phone users in the US used their devices to take part in some mobile commerce activity in the year 2006. Mobile commerce has risen to prominence because of its effectiveness and convenience. The user can engage in commerce at anytime and from any place. The potential for mobile commerce has led many companies to start offering mobile commerce options to their customers. Majority of the big US companies plan to implement mobile solutions in future. The article reveals that security will play a major role in the future of mobile commerce. Potential customers will be wary of using mobile commerce systems that do not guaranty security of information and exchange over the mobile network. Security issues encompass the entire mobile commerce system.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article discusses the WAP security system, which is provided through the WTLS protocol. This system ensures data integrity and guarantees privacy in the system through data encryption. However, the system has a loophole since the encrypted messages appear as clear text on the WAP gateway during processing. This problem can be solved by having the WAP gateway reside on a server network with major security mechanisms implemented on it. The authors state that the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol is used to provide security in the IEEE 802.11 standard. In this security protocol, each mobile host has a private key shared with the base station. An encryption algorithm based on RC4 is used to generate the ciphertext in the encryption process. However, this method is not very secure since there are methods of breaking the approach. Future systems need to employ standards that provide better security. Payment presents another challenge in mobile commerce since there is not global standard. The Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol currently favored requires processing and memory capacities that are too much for most WAP client devices. A â€Å"thin† SET wallet approach is proposed for future systems since it will have less processing and memory demands therefore making it usable by all WAP client devices. The paper concludes by reasserting that wireless and mobile networks have extended electronic commerce. Critique The article sets out to provide an informative discussion on mobile commerce technology. Considering the space limitations of the paper, it does a good job of explaining the multiple components of a mobile commerce system. The article is able to provide a brief yet informative enough description of the components of a mobile commerce system therefore providing adequate background information for a person who is not familiar with the components. The authors are able to prioritize on the components that are most important for a mobile commerce system and provide more information on the same for the reader. The article makes use of graphical figures that are very important in enhancing understanding on the topic. The authors make use of a lot of expert opinion on the subject. This increases the credibility of the statements and arguments made in the article. The reader can therefore have confidence in the material presented in the article since reliable experts in the field of mobile application technology are referenced all through the paper. However, the article introduces too many technical issues that a person who is not conversant with computing technology cannot understand. Without background information on concepts such as IEEE standards, Wideband systems, Access points, and encryption algorithms, the non-technical reader will not have a good understand of what is being discussed. While the authors attempt to take care of this by providing a definition of key terms at the end of the paper, the descriptions still introduced other terms that the layperson will not be familiar with. In overall, the article is well written and very informative. A person gains significant knowledge concerning mobile commerce technology from reading the article. Reference Chung-wei, L., Wen-Chen, H., Jyh-haw, Y. (2009). Mobile Commerce Technology. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology (pp. 2585-2589). Pennsylvania: IGI Global. This critical writing on Mobile Commerce Technology was written and submitted by user Aarav Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.